Turner achieved a personal best time of 36.30 seconds to finish second behind Chinese swimmer Yiyan Jiang, who posted a time of 34.69.
Ireland's Turner was among a competitive crowd, with just over a second separating her second place from the sixth place swimmer.
"To be honest, it hasn’t sunk in at all," Turner said immediately after the final. "Coming in to Tokyo, looking back on Rio being so close to that bronze medal, the aim after Rio was just to get on the podium in Tokyo, but I never in a million years thought I’d be silver. I always thought I’d be in a fight for bronze."
"It feels like a dream come true," Turner added. "This is honestly the best day of my life. To even get to Tokyo this year, but to be on the podium with a silver medal, it’s for everyone at home, it’s not for me."
Turner's silver is Team Ireland's fourth medal of the Tokyo games, following gold for Ellen Keane in the Women's 100 meter breaststroke SB8; Jason Smyth's gold in the Men's 100 metres T13; and silver for Katie-George Dunleavy in the Women's Individual Pursuit Cycling event.
